The photovoltage of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) was studied over a wide range of light intensities, showing changes from pristine to light-soaking (LS) conditions, explained using a specific model of spatial charge distribution. Migration of ions and vacancies under photovoltage conditions results in localized charge redistribution manifested as positive charge accumulation at the TiO2 or TiO2 MgO interlayer perovskite interface, signifying photoinduced interfacial upward band bending. Consequentially, generation of an electrostatic potential (V-elec) and an increase in interfacial recombination rate are confirmed. The magnitude and effect of V-elec and interfacial recombination on the photovoltage depend on the illumination intensity and on the LS duration. PSCs with mesoporous Al2O3 showed similar changes, validating the role of the compact TiO2. Faster generation and a gradual increase of Velec are apparent under LS, which expresses the constant migration of ions and vacancies toward the interface. The nonrigid TiO2 perovskite interface calls for a vital perspective change of PSCs.
Nowadays, therapeutic indications for cannabinoids, specifically $Δ$(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) are widening. However, the oral consumption of the molecules is very limited due to their highly lipophilic nature that leads to poor solubility at the aqueous environment. Additionally, THC and CBD are prone to extensive first pass mechanisms. These absorption obstacles render the molecules with low and variable oral bioavailability. To overcome these limitations we designed and developed the advanced pro-nanolipospheres (PNL) formulation. The PNL delivery system is comprised of a medium chain triglyceride, surfactants, a co-solvent and the unique addition of a natural absorption enhancer: piperine. Piperine was selected due to its distinctive inhibitory properties affecting both Phase I and Phase II metabolism. This constellation self emulsifies into nano particles that entrap the cannabinoids and the piperine in their core and thus improve their solubility while piperine and the other PNL excipients inhibit their intestinal metabolism. Another clear advantage of the formulation is that its composition of materials is approved for human consumption. The safe nature of the excipients enabled their direct evaluation in humans. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of the THC-CBD-piperine-PNL formulation, a two-way crossover, single administration clinical study was conducted. The trial comprised of 9 healthy volunteers under fasted conditions. Each subject received a THC-CBD (10.8mg, 10mg respectively) piperine (20mg)-PNL filled capsule and an equivalent dose of the oromucosal spray Sativex® with a washout period in between treatments. Single oral administration of the piperine-PNL formulation resulted in a 3-fold increase in Cmax and a 1.5-fold increase in AUC for THC when compared to Sativex®. For CBD, a 4-fold increase in Cmax and a 2.2-fold increase in AUC was observed. These findings demonstrate the potential this formulation has in serving as a standardized oral cannabinoid formulation. Moreover, the concept of improving oral bioavailability described here, can pave the way for other potential lipophilic active compounds requiring enhancement of their oral bioavailability.
Policy problems and solutions are frequently loaded with moral, emotional and cost-effectiveness components as well as with other ideational and symbolic elements in order to provide them with, or deprive them of, significance. Skillful policy entrepreneurs are key actors in this valuation process which results in policy problems and solutions becoming valued, overvalued or undervalued. Drawing on insights from the sociology of valuation, this article distinguishes between four types of policy entrepreneurs – defined by the particular strategies they pursue – that may be involved in this process: norm entrepreneurs, reputation entrepreneurs, meaning entrepreneursand standards and performance metrics entrepreneurs. The article elaborates on the role of these actors in the policy valuation process and the interactive nature of their activities. It thereafter illustrates their activities by elaborating on the valuation strategies pursued by the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies, which led several European governments to provide financial support for the Carbon Disclosure Project.
This paper explores the factors that have recently increased support for candidates and causes of the populist right across the developed democracies, especially among a core group of working‐class men. In the context of debates about whether the key causal factors are economic or cultural, we contend that an effective analysis must rest on understanding how economic and cultural developments interact to generate support for populism. We suggest that one way to do so is to see status anxiety as a proximate factor inducing support for populism, and economic and cultural developments as factors that combine to precipitate such anxiety. Using cross‐national survey data from 20 developed democracies, we assess the viability of this approach. We show that lower levels of subjective social status are associated with support for right populist parties, identify a set of economic and cultural developments likely to have depressed the social status of men without a college education, and show that the relative social status of those men has declined since 1987 in many of the developed democracies. We conclude that status effects provide one pathway through which economic and cultural developments may combine to increase support for the populist right.
Arijit Basu, Nazarkovsky, Michael , Ghadi, Rohan , Khan, Wahid , ו Domb, Abraham J. 2017. “Poly (Lactic Acid)-Based Nanocomposites”. Polymers For Advanced Technologies, 28, 8, Pp. 919–930.
Rohan Ghadi, Muntimadugu, Eameema , Khan, Wahid , ו Domb, Abraham J. 2017. “Polyanhydrides: Synthesis And Characterization”. Polymers For Biomedicine: Synthesis, Characterization, And Applications, 123.
