פרסומים

In the recent years, various high spatial resolution nanospectroscopy methods were developed and utilized to uncover catalysts’ heterogeneities and the ways by which these heterogeneities control the catalytic reactivity. High spatial resolution nanospectroscopy measurements identified that heterogeneities within catalytic particles lead to substantial gradients in reaction rates at different positions in the catalytic particle and variation in the reactivity between particles in the same batch. Here we review the latest developments in the field of high spatial resolution spectroscopy measurements of catalytic reactions on the surface of solid catalysts. Specifically, in this review we will address methods that characterize the reactant-into-product-transformation on the surface of solid catalysts with nanometer resolution, such as, super resolution imaging, Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and IR nanospectroscopy. It is demonstrated that high-spatial resolution spectroscopy measurements reveal the ways by which differences in the size, shape and composition of solid catalysts influence their reactivity, uncovering correlations which are mostly masked while using averaging, ensemble based spectroscopy measurements.

This article explores the ideological rigidity of secular and religious terror groups. Analyzing leaflets disseminated by two Palestinian groups during the First Intifada, it examines if and how each shifted its identity and goals in response to repression, political shifts, or resource changes. The results suggest that while similar catalysts led to ideological reformation among the secular and the religious group, the extent of ideological change within the religious group was more limited. The article argues for the need to disaggregate ideological analysis further in order to identify more subtle shifts, alterations, and omissions, in the positions held by religious terror groups, moving past the exploration of if such changes exist in ideological templates and instead focusing on the extent and type of alterations the different groups allow.

There is substantial interest in the possibility that cognitive skills can be improved by dedicated behavioral training. Yet despite the large amount of work being conducted in this domain, there is not an explicit and widely agreed upon consensus around the
best methodological practices.

This document seeks to fill this gap. We start from the perspective that there are many types of studies that are important in this domain—e.g., feasibility, mechanistic, efficacy, and effectiveness. These studies have fundamentally different goals, and, as such, the best-practice methods to meet those goals will also differ.We thus make suggestions in topics ranging from the design and implementation of control groups, to reporting of results, to dissemination and communication, taking the perspective that the best practices are not necessarily uniform across all study types.We also explicitly recognize and discuss the fact that there are methodological issues around which we currently lack the theoretical and/or empirical foundation to determine best practices (e.g., as pertains to assessing participant expectations). For these, we suggest important routes forward, including greater interdisciplinary collaboration with individuals from domains that face related concerns. Our hope is that these recommendations will greatly increase the rate at which science in this domain advances.