The availability of generic products of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has raised the following concerns: (1) Do generic AEDs work as well as brand AEDs in terms of their efficacy, safety and quality? (2) Can generic AEDs be used as substitutions for brand AEDs? and (3) Can generic products of AEDs be used interchangeably? The traditional average bioequivalence analysis addresses concern 1 but does not provide a complete adequate response to concerns 2 and 3. Drug interchangeability can be classified as drug prescribability or drug switchability. Drug prescribability refers to the situation where a patient is treated for the first time so that either a brand or a bioequivalent generic AED can be chosen. Drug switchability refers to the situation in which a brand AED is switched to a bioequivalent generic product of the same AED. The traditional average bioequivalence approach is sufficient to evaluate the prescribability of generic products, but does not ensure the switchability between prescribable formulations. The necessity of assuring switchability of two formulations can be addressed by individual bioequivalence. While the switch to generic AEDs is well tolerated by many patients and in general cost-effective, seizure control should not be sacrificed on the basis of cost alone, as the major end point in treating epilepsy with AEDs is seizure control without side effects. Until we have individual (within patient) bioequivalence data on generic AEDs and/or the tools to a priori identify the subset of patients susceptible to the generic switch, a switch of AED products in seizure-free patients is not recommended.
We identified and characterized eight genes encoding putative Takeout/juvenile hormone binding proteins (To/JHBP) in the honeybee genome. Phylogenetic analyses revealed nine distinct lineages within this gene family, including those containing Takeout (To) and JHBP for which there are no honeybee homologs. Their diversity and ubiquitous expression suggest that To/JHBP proteins are involved in diverse and important processes in insects. We further characterized the expression of one of these genes, GB19811 that is ubiquitously expressed. GB19811 transcript levels in the abdomen increased, and decreased in the head with worker age. There was no influence of colony environment or brood care behavior on GB19811 expression in young bees. Young bees treated with juvenile hormone (JH) showed a decrease in head GB19811 mRNA levels. This finding is consistent with the premise that JH, for which titers typically increase with age, is involved in age-related modulation of GB19811 expression. In contrast to Drosophila Takeout, the expression of GB19811 did not vary with diurnal or circadian rhythms. Taken together, these findings suggest that GB19811 is not an ortholog of Takeout, and is involved in JH-mediated regulation of adult honeybee worker development. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
BglF catalyzes beta-glucoside phosphotransfer across the cytoplasmic membrane in Escherichia coli. In addition, BglF acts as a sugar sensor that controls expression of beta-glucoside utilization genes by reversibly phosphorylating the transcriptional antiterminator BglG. Thus, BglF can exist in two opposed states: a nonstimulated state that inactivates BglG by phosphorylation and a sugar-stimulated state that activates BglG by dephosphorylation and phosphorylates the incoming sugar. Sugar phosphorylation and BglG (de)phosphorylation are both catalyzed by the same residue, Cys24. To investigate the coordination and the structural requirements of the opposing activities of BglF, we conducted a genetic screen that led to the isolation of mutations that shift the balance toward BglG phosphorylation. We show that some of the mutants that are impaired in dephosphorylation of BglG retained the ability to catalyze the concurrent activity of sugar phosphotransfer. These mutations map to two regions in the BglF membrane domain that, based on their predicted topology, were suggested to be implicated in activity. Using in vivo cross-linking, we show that a glycine in the membrane domain, whose substitution impaired the ability of BglF to dephosphorylate BglG, is spatially close to the active-site cysteine located in a hydrophilic domain. This residue is part of a newly identified motif conserved among beta-glucoside permeases associated with RNA-binding transcriptional antiterminators. The phenotype of the BglF mutants could be suppressed by BglG mutants that were isolated by a second genetic screen. In summary, we identified distinct sites in BglF that are involved in regulating phosphate flow via the common active-site residue in response to environmental cues.
M Levin, Eisenmann, S , Palchan, T , Zigler, A , Sugiyama, K , Nakajima, K , Kaganovich, D , Hubbard, RF , Ting, A , Gordon, DF , ו others, . 2007. “Guiding Of High Laser Intensities In Long Plasma Channels”. International Journal Of Modern Physics B, 21, Pp. 361–371.
Gideon Goldenberg ו Shisha-Halevy, Ariel . 2007. “H. J. Polotsky”. בתוך Lexicon Grammaticorum, 2nd ed. תקציר
Polotsky, Hans Jakob, b. Sep. 13, 1905, Zürich, Switzerland, d. Aug. 10, 1991, Jerusalem, Israel; Egyptologist, Semitist, and Orientalist.P. was born to Russian-speaking parents who emigrated from the Crimea and settled in Germany. From an early age he was well versed in Classical languages, esp. in Greek, and studied hieroglyphic Egyptian and Hebrew. In the universities of Berlin and Göttingen he studied Egyptology (with K. Sethe), Semitic languages (with M. Lidzbarski), Iranian (with F. C. Andreas) and Turkic (with W. Bank). He also specialized in late Greek. During his studies and afterwards, P. was engaged in the Septuagint project directed by A. Rahlfs, and took active part in the study and publications of the Coptic Manichaean texts. His comprehensive article on “Manichäismus” (1935), based on the synthesis of all the sources in the various languages, has remained the most important research paper on the subject and P.’s only non-linguistic study. (It was translated into Italian and appeared sixty years later with updated notes [1996]). After the rise of Nazism P. left Germany, and in 1934 began teaching at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he became Professor of Egyptian and Semitic Linguistics and founded the Department of Linguistics and the Department of Egyptian. He was elected a member of the Israel academy of Sciences and Humanities, the Hebrew Language Academy, and the British, Danish, and Dutch academies, was awarded the Israel Prize, other prestigious prizes, and the gold Lidzbarski medal of the Deutche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, as well as some honorary doctorates.
This study pursues the roots of conflict in Haredi society against instituting general studies in Haredi High School Yeshivas. Whereas a silent consent exists for colleges and vocational frameworks which provide such education, the few Yeshivas promoting them are faced with an all-out war. These Yeshivas were established in recent decades to address the growing demand for training ultra-orthodox married men to earn a living, by integrating general education in their religious curriculum. The conflict is associated with ideological justifications, which present the introduction of such studies at this stage in life as prohibited from the very outset. Haredi leadership prefers to present this breach as a new phenomenon, born in Israel, and condemned. Dr. Lupu's study adds historic perspective to the conflict showing that it has plagued Haredi society since its "golden era" of Eastern European Yeshivas even prior to the inception of the State of Israel, and that integrating general studies in the religious curriculum was endorsed by some of the Torah sages in Haredi society.
12th volume of the series "Studies in JewishEducation"
Editors: Nava Nevo and Elite Olshtain
The Hebrew University Magnes Press, Jerusalem
The book 'The Hebrew Language in the Era of Globalization' is designed for researchers, for teachers of Hebrew in educational frameworks, and for those who love the language, and allows for a comprehensive study of varied aspects of the language. The book brings to center stage research issues regarding Hebrew in its cultural, social, and linguistic contexts, discusses the state of Hebrew in Israel and in the world, and looks into current curricula for the teaching of Hebrew as a second language. The book is comprised of three sections. The first section covers the following topics: The state of Hebrew in the context of Israel-Diaspora relations; Hebrew in European and American universities; the dilemma of the language of prayer; challenges that the modern reader confronts in a classical text; linguistic and socio-linguistic trends in modern Hebrew; achievements of new immigrant students in academic Hebrew; the theoretical basis for the development of curricula for the teaching of Hebrew as a first and second language; and language policy in a multi-lingual and multi-cultural society such as Israel. The second section presents the new curriculum for learners of Hebrew in the Arab sector as well as curricula for the teaching of Hebrew in the Diaspora for kindergarten children, elementary school students and junior-high and high school students. The third section expresses concern about the future of Hebrew both inIsrael and in the Diaspora in the era of globalization.
The book is unique in that it combines theory and practice; deals with different representation of Hebrew - as a first, second, and heritage language; relates to learners of different ages and of a number of different populations – native speakers of Hebrew, new immigrants, the Arab sector in Israel, and Jewish communities in the Diaspora.
The book 'The Hebrew Language in the Era of Globalization' is designed for researchers, for teachers of Hebrew in educational frameworks, and for those who love the language, and allows for a comprehensive study of varied aspects of the language. The book brings to center stage research issues regarding Hebrew in its cultural, social, and linguistic contexts, discusses the state of Hebrew in Israel and in the world, and looks into current curricula for the teaching of Hebrew as a second language. The book is comprised of three sections. The first section covers the following topics: The state of Hebrew in the context of Israel-Diaspora relations; Hebrew in European and American universities; the dilemma of the language of prayer; challenges that the modern reader confronts in a classical text; linguistic and socio-linguistic trends in modern Hebrew; achievements of new immigrant students in academic Hebrew; the theoretical basis for the development of curricula for the teaching of Hebrew as a first and second language; and language policy in a multi-lingual and multi-cultural society such as Israel. The second section presents the new curriculum for learners of Hebrew in the Arab sector as well as curricula for the teaching of Hebrew in the Diaspora for kindergarten children, elementary school students and junior-high and high school students. The third section expresses concern about the future of Hebrew both in Israel and in the Diaspora in the era of globalization.
The book is unique in that it combines theory and practice; deals with different representation of Hebrew - as a first, second, and heritage language; relates to learners of different ages and of a number of different populations – native speakers of Hebrew, new immigrants, the Arab sector in Israel, and Jewish communities in the Diaspora.
O Peleg-Barkat. 2007. “The Herodian Architectural Decoration”. Light Of The Finds From The Temple Mount Excavation, Ph. D. Diss., Hebrew University Of Jerusalem (Hebrew).
In this research, we studied the factors that control formation of GMO/tricaprylin/water hexosomes and affect their inner structure. As a stabilizer of the soft particles dispersed in the aq. phase, we used the hydrophilic nonionic triblock polymer Pluronic 127. We demonstrate how properties of the hexosomes, such as size, structure, and stability, can be tuned by their internal compn., polymer concn., and processing conditions. The morphol. and inner structure of the hexosomes were characterized by small-angle x-ray scattering, cryo-transmission electron microscope, and dynamic light scattering. The phys. stability (to creaming, aggregation, and coalescence) of the hexosomes was further examd. by the LUMiFuge technique. Two competing processes are presumed to take place during the formation of hexosomes: penetration of water from the continuous phase during dispersion, resulting in enhanced hydration of the head groups, and incorporation of the polymer chains into the hexosome structure while providing a stabilizing surface coating for the dispersed particles. Hydration is an essential stage in lyotropic liq. crystal (LLC) formation. The polymer, on the other hand, dehydrates the lipid heads, thereby introducing disorder into the LLC and reducing the domain size. Yet, a crit. min. polymer concn. is necessary in order to form stable nanosized hexosomes. These competing effects require the attention of those prepg. hexosomes. The competition between these two processes can be controlled. At relatively high polymer concns. (1-1.6 wt % of the total formulation of the soft particles), the hydration process seems to occur more rapidly than polymer adsorption. As a result, smaller and more stable soft particles with high symmetry were formed. On the other hand, when the polymer concn. is fixed at lower levels (\textless1.0 wt %), the homogenization process encourages only partial polymer adsorption during the dispersion process. This adsorption is insufficient; hence, max. hydration of the surfactant head group is reached prior to obtaining full adsorption, resulting in the formation of less ordered hexosomes of larger size and lower stability. [on SciFinder(R)]
