While individual differences in decision-making have been examined within the social sciences for several decades, they have only recently begun to be applied by computer scientists to examine privacy and security attitudes (and ultimately behaviors). Specifically, several researchers have shown how different online privacy decisions are correlated with the "Big Five" personality traits. In this paper, we show that the five factor model is actually a weak predictor of privacy attitudes, and that other well-studied individual differences in the psychology literature are much stronger predictors. Based on this result, we introduce the new paradigm of psychographic targeting of privacy and security mitigations: we believe that the next frontier in privacy and security research will be to tailor mitigations to users' individual differences. We explore the extensive work on choice architecture and "nudges," and discuss the possible ways it could be leveraged to improve security outcomes by personalizing privacy and security mitigations to specific user traits.
The front cover artwork is provided by Prof. Mandler’s group at the Hebrew University (Israel). The image shows the reuptake process in which only the particles with the original shell size are captured by the imprinted cavities, while the others are not recognized. Read the full text of the Article at10.1002/celc.201402407. [on SciFinder(R)]
Speciation of nanoparticles, i.e., their differentiation based on size, shape and stabilizing shell is becoming important since their properties depend on these parameters. Nanoparticle-imprinted polymers (NIPs) are a new approach that aims to selectively recognize nanoparticles based on their structural properties. In this study, monolayers of cellulose acetate (CA) accommodating gold nanoparticles stabilized with dodecanethiol (AuNPs/C12) are transferred onto indium tin oxide (ITO) by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. One to five monolayers are assembled. Electrochem. oxidn. dissolves the AuNPs/C12 to form cavities in the films, which fit the size and shape of the AuNPs/C12. Reuptake of the nanoparticles from a soln. is successful using the imprinted films, whereas the control films contg. only CA layers do not reuptake the AuNPs/C12. The NIPs are highly selective and other gold nanoparticles stabilized by other thiols are not recognized by the imprinted matrix. [on SciFinder(R)]
Stephen J DeVience, Pham, Linh M, Lovchinsky, Igor , Sushkov, Alexander O, Bar-Gill, Nir , Belthangady, Chinmay , Casola, Francesco , Corbett, Madeleine , Zhang, Huiliang , Lukin, Mikhail , Park, Hongkun , Yacoby, Amir , ו Walsworth, Ronald L. 2015. “Nanoscale Nmr Spectroscopy And Imaging Of Multiple Nuclear Species”. Nat. Nanotechnol., 10, Pp. 129-134. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.313. Publisher's Versionתקציר
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide non-invasive information about multiple nuclear species in bulk matter, with wide-ranging applications from basic physics and chemistry to biomedical imaging. However, the spatial resolution of conventional NMR and MRI is limited to several micrometres even at large magnetic fields (>1 T), which is inadequate for many frontier scientific applications such as single-molecule NMR spectroscopy and in vivo MRI of individual biological cells. A promising approach for nanoscale NMR and MRI exploits optical measurements of nitrogen–vacancy (NV) colour centres in diamond, which provide a combination of magnetic field sensitivity and nanoscale spatial resolution unmatched by any existing technology, while operating under ambient conditions in a robust, solid-state system. Recently, single, shallow NV centres were used to demonstrate NMR of nanoscale ensembles of proton spins, consisting of a statistical polarization equivalent to \~100–1,000 spins in uniform samples covering the surface of a bulk diamond chip. Here, we realize nanoscale NMR spectroscopy and MRI of multiple nuclear species (1H, 19F, 31P) in non-uniform (spatially structured) samples under ambient conditions and at moderate magnetic fields (\~20 mT) using two complementary sensor modalities.
Natural resource abundance is a blessing for some countries, but a curse for others. We show that differences across countries in the degree of fiscal decentralization can contribute to this divergent outcome. Using a large panel of countries covering several decades and various fiscal decentralization and natural resource measures, we provide empirical support for the novel hypothesis. We also study a model that combines political and market mechanisms under a unified framework to illustrate how natural resource booms may create negative effects in fiscally decentralized nations.
{The transfer of indocyanine green (ICG) across the placenta is considered to be very low based on measurements in fetal blood. The goal of this study was to evaluate in mice ICG's distribution within fetuses themselves and effects of concomitant medications on fetal exposure. Mid-gestational (day 12.5) and late-gestational (day 17.5) age mice were imaged after administration of ICG (0.167 mg), in the presence and the absence of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) inhibitor rifampin (10 mg/kg
Leo P Singer, Kasliwal, Mansi M, S. Cenko, Bradley , Perley, Daniel A, Anderson, Gemma E, Anupama, G. C, Arcavi, Iair , Bhalerao, Varun , Bue, Brian D, Cao, Yi , Connaughton, Valerie , Corsi, Alessandra , Cucchiara, Antonino , Fender, Rob P, Fox, Derek B, Gehrels, Neil , Goldstein, Adam , Gorosabel, J. , Horesh, Assaf , Hurley, Kevin , Johansson, Joel , Kann, D. A, Kouveliotou, Chryssa , Huang, Kuiyun , Kulkarni, S. R, Masci, Frank , Nugent, Peter , Rau, Arne , Rebbapragada, Umaa D, Staley, Tim D, Svinkin, Dmitry , Thöne, C. C, A. Postigo, de Ugarte, Urata, Yuji , ו Weinstein, Alan . 2015. “The Needle In The 100 Deg$^2$ Haystack: Uncovering Afterglows Of Fermi Grbs With The Palomar Transient Factory”. \Apj, 806, Pp. 52. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/52.
Substitutionally inert Pt(IV) prodrugs, combining bioactive axial ligands with Pt(IV) derivatives of antitumor Pt(II) compounds, represent a new generation of anticancer drugs. The rationale behind these prodrugs is to release, by reductive elimination inside the cancer cell, an active Pt(II) drug which binds nuclear DNA as well as bioactive ligands that may potentiate toxic effects of the Pt(II) drugs by an independent pathway. Platinum prodrugs, such as Pt(IV) derivatives of cisplatin containing axial valproic acid (VPA) ligands, destroy cancer cells with greater efficacy than conventional cisplatin. These axial ligands were chosen because VPA inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, thereby decondensing chromatin and subsequently increasing the accessibility of DNA within chromatin to DNA-binding agents. We examined the mechanism of cytotoxic activity of Pt(IV) derivatives of cisplatin with VPA axial ligands. Particular attention was paid to the role of the VPA ligand in these Pt(IV) prodrugs in the mechanism underlying their toxic effects in human ovarian tumor cells. We demonstrate that (i) treatment of the cells with these prodrugs resulted in enhanced histone H3 acetylation and decondensation of heterochromatin markedly more effectively than free VPA; (ii) of the total Pt inside the cells, a considerably higher fraction of Pt from the Pt(IV)-VPA conjugates is bound to DNA than from the conjugates with biologically inactive ligands. The results indicate that the enhanced cytotoxicity of the Pt(IV)-VPA conjugates is a consequence of several processes involving enhanced cellular accumulation, downregulation of HDACs and yet other biochemical processes (not involving HDACs) which may potentiate antitumor effects.
Although many of the Sephardic traditional qinōt in Judeo-Spanish are probably of medieval origin, rarely could be proven that they are recastings of poems that had existed in the Iberian Peninsula prior to 1492 or that they are time-worn versions of them. The fragments of two qinōt of Tišʻāh beʼāv belonging to the tradition of the childeating mother that will be analyzed in this article constitute interesting examples of that religious poetry composed by Jewish educated men in medieval Spain and then transferred to the Sephardic Diaspora.
New particle formation from gas-to-particle conversion represents a dominant source of atmospheric particles and affects radiative forcing, climate and human health. The species involved in new particle formation and the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. Although sulfuric acid is commonly recognized as driving new particle formation, increasing evidence suggests the involvement of other species. Here we study particle formation and growth from methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water at reaction times from 2.3 to 32 s where particles are 2-10 nm in diameter using a newly designed and tested flow system. The flow system has multiple inlets to facilitate changing the mixing sequence of gaseous precursors. The relative humidity and precursor concentrations, as well as the mixing sequence, are varied to explore their effects on particle formation and growth in order to provide insight into the important mechanistic steps. We show that water is involved in the formation of initial clusters, greatly enhancing their formation as well as growth into detectable size ranges. A kinetics box model is developed that quantitatively reproduces the experimental data under various conditions. Although the proposed scheme is not definitive, it suggests that incorporating such mechanisms into atmospheric models may be feasible in the near future.
