Fue principalmente en las comunidades de Salónica y de Eslambul donde el español de los sefardíes adquirió nueva personalidad a través del proceso de coineización en el período inicial. En el proceso de convergencia interdialcctal llevado a cabo en las dos comunidades más importantes durante el siglo XVI y parte del XVII, participaron principalmente dialectos hablados en los antiguos reinos de Castilla y Aragón junto con dialectos italianos y portugueses. En estos procesos ha actuado la tendencia denominada "acomodación lingüística" (speech accommodalion) en la psicolíngüística que se caracteriza por la adaptación mutua entre las modalidades dialectales manejadas por los hablantes con finalidad orientada a la integración social de los mismos en una comunidad homogénea y a la eliminación de diferencias grupales indeseables (Giles & Smith 1979.45-65). Como se desprende de los textos del siglo XVI publicados en las dos metrópolis sefardíes, las lenguas en las que los rabinos se expresaron fueron el hebreo, principalmente, y el castellano. En esta contribución se describe la lengua de textos en la lengua vernácula insertos en los responsa rabínicos, generalmente testimonios escritos u orales aportados por los implicados en los conflictos suscitados o por los testigos en los juicios librados en los tribunales rabínicos.
The role of various reptilian species in the infectious cycle of several arboviruses is documented, but their role in that of West Nile virus (WNV) is uncertain. Common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) were infected subcutaneously with 10(5) plaque forming units (PFU) WNV-Isr 98, five of nine snakes became viremic, and five exhibited persistent low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Four of the parentally infected snakes died and high titers of virus were found in multiple organ samples. In contrast, orally infected garter snakes did not become viremic, but viral RNA was detected in cloacal swabs. Since oral infection of predator birds by WNV is known, their ingestion of infected snakes may also result in their becoming infected.
This study examined the associations between physical and psychological proximity to terrorist attacks and post-traumatic symptoms (PTS), depressive symptoms, and alcohol use among Israeli youth. Self-administered questionnaires were completed under anonymous conditions by 1,150 high and junior high school students (51.3% boys and 48.7% girls) in a town in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area. Standardized, validated scales were used to measure psychological symptoms and alcohol use. High levels of exposure to terrorism were reported. Physical and psychological proximity to terrorist attacks were associated with more PTS symptoms and alcohol consumption. Physical proximity was also associated with symptoms of depression. The implications of terror-associated early drinking for later alcohol problems should be explored.
Unlike most epithelial cancers, E-cadherin expression is upregulated in ovarian carcinoma effusions compared with corresponding primary tumors. In the present study, we analyzed the anatomic site-specific expression of transcription factors that negatively regulate E-cadherin in ovarian carcinoma. Using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, mRNA in situ hybridization, and Western blotting, we analyzed the expression and localization of the Snail, Slug, and SIP1 transcription factors and E-cadherin in 78 effusions, 41 primary carcinomas, and 15 solid metastases. Slug mRNA and protein expression was highest in metastases (p=0.042 and p<0.001, respectively). Snail mRNA was comparable at all anatomic sites, but higher protein expression was found in primary tumors and solid metastases compared with effusions (p<0.001). SIP1 mRNA expression was higher in effusions (p<0.001) compared to other sites. Confocal microscopy analysis of fresh and cultured cells from effusion specimens revealed cytoplasmic localization of the Snail protein in primary tumor cells, with a nuclear shift following culturing of these cells. In conclusion, E-cadherin and its negative regulators show site-dependent expression in ovarian carcinoma. In solid tumors, E-cadherin is negatively regulated by Snail and Slug. In effusions, SIP1 may be the main regulator of E-cadherin, but with a lesser level of suppression compared with primary tumors and solid metastases.
This paper is the last part of a three-part project. The larger picture is important for the proper framing of the present paper. Here then is an abstract of the three-part paper, which is about considerateness. Focusing on two extreme poles of the spectrum of human relationships, the paper argues that considerateness is the foundation upon which relationships are to be organized in both the thin anonymous context of the public space and the thick intimate context of the family. The first part of the paper introduces the notion of considerateness among strangers and explores the idea that considerateness is the minimum that we owe to one another in the public space. By acting considerately toward strangers for example, by holding a door open so it does not slam in the face of the next person who enters we show respect to that which we all share as people, namely, our common humanity. The second part explores the idea that considerateness is the foundation underlying the constitution of the exemplary family. I hypothesize that each family adopts its own particular distribution of domestic burdens and benefits and I refer to it as the family deal. The argument is that the considerate family deal embodies a notion of fairness that is a distinct, family-oriented notion of fairness. The third part of the larger paper which is the part I present here takes up the notion of family fairness and contrasts it with justice. In particular, I take issue with Susan Okin s notion of the just family and develop, instead, the notion of the not-unjust fair family. Driving a wedge between justice and fairness, I propose that family fairness is partial and sympathetic rather than impartial and empathic, and that it is particular and internal rather than universalizable. Furthermore, I claim that family fairness is based on ongoing comparisons of preferences among family members. I finally characterize the good family as a not-unjust family that is considerate and fair.
Le "Me'am Lo'ez" offre de nombreux sujets d'étude qui n'ont pas encore été exploités comme, par exemple, le fait d'avoir été rédigé en langue vernaculaire afin de mettre à la disposition du public séfarade un commentaire hebdomadaire à l'intention de ceux qui, au XVUf siècle, n'avaient pas accès aux enseignements du judaIsme, faute de connaître l'hébreu. Du point de vue du style, les auteurs du "Me'am Lo'ez", surtout ceux de la période classique, adoptent un style qui leur est propre. L'un des éléments stylistiques importants est l'usage des formules introductives qui servent surtout à structurer le discours, selon la fonction assignée aux sources qui appartiennent à des genres littéraires très divers. Cet article étudiera les contextes dans lesquels ces formules apparaissent et leur fonction dans l'ensemble textuel. Nous nous proposons également de répondre à une autre question qui touche directement au style éxégétique judéo-espagnol, représenté dans les deux premiers volumes du "Me'am Lo'ez", Bereshit (Gn) (1730) et Shmot (Ex) (1733) qui ont pour auteur le rabbin Ya'aqov Khuli: peut-on attribuer à l'initiateur du "Me'am Lo'ez" la paternité de ce style, ou bien le mérite du rabbin Khuli repose-t-il simplement sur le fait d'avoir mis par écrit un type de sermon qui, bien que prononcé en judée-espagnol, était rédigé en hébreu? Le "Tsena urena" publié cent ans auparavant (1622), en constitue un précédent ashkénaze.
This book attempts to develop a new conceptual view of local government in Israel and possible paths of institutional development towards the next decade. The urgency of such a task is based on two key assumptions. First, and mostly, the emergence of a new public agenda that shifts the traditional dominance in Israel of security related issues towards social and civic concerns. Second, the exhaustion of present patterns of governing and public governance and the consequent need for institutional change.
The book describes the key features of a new type of local government in Israel (the ‘4th generation’) and explores three different scenarios for its actual emergence.
Following gene therapy of SCID-X1 using murine leukemia virus (MLV) derived vector, two patients developed leukemia owing to an activating vector integration near the LMO2 gene. We found that these integrations reside within FRA11E, a common fragile site known to correlate with chromosomal breakpoints in tumors. Further analysis showed that fragile sites attract a nonrandom number of MLV integrations, shedding light on its integration mechanism and risk-to-benefit ratio in gene therapy.
