viously applied in the Alps of Europe. Adjustment coefficients have been derived for 28 rainfall periods using 59 independent gauges of a quality-checked training data set. The validation was based on an independent data set composed of gauges located in eleven 20 ? 20 km2 validation areas, which are representative of different climate, topography and radar distance conditions. The WR and WMR methods were found preferable with a slight better performance of the latter. Furthermore, a novel approach has been adopted in this study, whereby radar estimates are considered useable if they provide information that is better than gauge-only estimates. The latter was derived by spatial interpolation of the gauges belonging to the training data set. Note that these gauges are outside the validation areas. As for the radar-adjusted estimates, gauge-derived estimates were assessed against gauge data in the validation areas. It was found that radar-based estimates are better for the validation areas at the dry climate regime. At distances larger than 100 km, the radar underestimation becomes too large in the two northern validation areas, while in the southern one radar data are still better than gauge interpolation. It is concluded that in ungauged areas of Israel it is preferable to use WMR-adjusted (or alternatively, simply WR-adjusted) radar echoes rather than the standard bulk adjustment method and for dry ungauged areas it is preferable over the conventional gauge-interpolated values derived from point measurements, which are outside the areas themselves. The WR and WMR adjustment methods provide useful rain depth estimates for rainfall periods for the examined areas but within the limitation stated above.
Consider an exchange economy with asymmetric information. What is the set of outcomes that are consistent with common knowledge of rationality and market clearing?We propose the concept of CKRMC as an answer to this question. The set of price functions that are CKRMC is the maximal set F with the property that every fˆˆF defiłdots}nes prices that clear the markets for demands that can be rationalized by some profile of subjective beliefs on F. Thus, the difference between CKRMC and Rational Expectations Equilibrium (REE) is that CKRMC allows for a situation where the agents do not know the true price function and furthermore may have different beliefs about it. We characterize CKRMC, study its properties, and apply it to a general class of economies with two commodities. CKRMC manifests intuitive properties that stand in contrast to the full revelation property of REE. In particular, we obtain that for a broad class of economies: (1) There is a whole range of prices that are CKRMC in every state. (2) The set of CKRMC outcomes is monotonic with the amount of information in the economy.
Pt(IV) complexes must be reduced to kill cancer cells. While reduction rates correlate with reduction potentials, we wanted to check if the rates of reduction depend on the cell line used. The reduction of cis,trans,cis-[PtCl2(OCOCH3)2(NH3)2] by extracts of three cell lines was measured, and the rates follow the order A2780cisR > A2780 > HT-29. The reduction is not carried out by the low molecular weight (MW) antioxidants but primarily by cellular components with MW > 3000.
We present here four Sephardic texts of the 16th century originating in the Ottoman Empire. Although their authors have an unequal level of instruction, belong to different social layers, reside in different cities of the Ottoman Empire and possibly have distinct ethnic origins, common to the four texts is the Castilian language, which shows the undoubted preponderance of this language among the Jews of the Sephardic communities as early as the middle of the 16th century. Nevertheless, all the texts are characterized by the influence of other languages, especially Portuguese and Turkish, alongside the characteristic Hebrew and Aramaic elements found in every Jewish text written in the vernacular languages. The first three testimonies appear in the collection of responsa of the prominent dayyan of Salonika (Salonika 1595) Rabbi Shemu’el de Medina (1506–1589), in the section Hoshen Mishpat. As we can see here, many communities throughout the Ottoman Empire and beyond consulted Medina on halakhic matters. The last text is a letter found in the Cairo Genizah.
Objectives To examine gender differences or similarities regarding the retention rate in the course of a 13-month treatment and in long-term retention up to 14 years among 2683 patients treated in eight (of 10) methadone maintenance clinics located in communities in Israel. Methods The study is based on a computerized set of data on 2683 (331 female and 2352 male) patients older than 18 years of age (mean age=43.30 SD=8.53) who underwent treatment in one of eight methadone maintenance programs in Israel sometimes (or all the time) between January 1, 1991 and October 30, 2005. Results 79.6% of the patients had a 100% retention rate in the 13-month time slot examined. The survival curves for the long-term retention show that retention in treatment was similar for both female and male patients. However, long-term retention is higher among female patients aged 31–40. Conclusion It is premature to conclude that there are no gender differences in retention since there seem to be different profiles of female patients, characterized by different retention rates, as implied by the great variability in the females' retention behavior found in the regression analysis.
