Major psychological theories of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have begun to suggest that worry may function as avoidance of emotions. On the basis of these findings, a number of researchers have begun to develop techniques to address emotional deficits in GAD. However, most techniques suggested to date have been from outside a cognitive-behavioral (CBT) model of treatment, making the integration of these techniques more difficult for CBT therapists. We propose a CBT model of addressing emotional avoidance through (a) learning to identify emotions and their possible evolutionary functions, (b) creating an emotion hierarchy to systematically address different emotions, (c) using imaginal exposure to increase tolerance to different emotions, and (d) eliminating behavioral avoidance of emotional experiences.
Crystal growth of calcium hydrogenphosphate dihydrate (DCPD), in the presence of polyaspartic acid or calcium phytate (system A), as well as nucleation and growth of octacalcium phosphate (OCP), in the presence of poly-l-lysine, poly-l-glutamic acid or polystyrene sulfonate (system B) have been investigated. In system A crystallization of DCPD was inhibited and the crystal growth morphology was specifically modified by preferential interaction of the respective additive with the dominant (010) crystal face. In system B crystals were formed via precursor phase(s) and polyelectrolytes exhibited dual action, at low concentrations inducing and at high concentrations inhibiting nucleation of the crystalline phase. Crystal/additive interactions controlling growth were nonspecific and resulted in smaller crystals with rounded edges, but with the same basic orientation as in the controls.
