Hydrazine derivatives are of considerable scientific and industrial value. Substituted hydrazines are precursors for many compounds of great interest and importance, among them aza-peptides. (Aza-peptides are peptide analogues in which one or more of the of alpha-carbons, bearing the side chain residues, has been replaced by a nitrogen atom.) Aza-amino acid residues conserve the pharmacophores necessary for biological activity while inducing conformational changes and increased resistance to proteolytic degradation. These properties make aza-peptides attractive tools for structure-activity relationship studies and drug design. We describe the synthesis of N'-substituted 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-yloxycarbonyl (Ddz) protected hydrazines. A general approach for solid phase synthesis of aza-peptides has been developed based oil the in-situ activation of the N-Ddz,N'-substituted hydrazines with phosgene, followed by introduction to the N-terminus of a resin-bound peptide. The Ddz-aza-amino building units include aliphatic, aromatic and functionalized side chains, protected for synthesis by the Fmoc strategy. Solid phase aza-peptide synthesis is demonstrated including selective mild deprotection of Ddz with Mg(ClO4)(2) and coupling of the next amino acid with triphosgene. Ddz deprotection is orthogonal with the Fmoc and Boc protecting groups, making the solid phase Ddz-aza-peptide synthesis compatible with both the Fmoc and the Boc strategies. The Ddz-protected hydrazines have wide applications in the synthesis of substituted hydrazines and in the synthesis of aza containing peptidomimetics. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
This article aims to contribute to current debates about political power and agency relationships in education and other public sectors. In a recent clarion call for a major redirection of political principal–agent theories (PAT), Terry Moe has argued that standard information asymmetries ought no longer to be regarded as the sole foundation of bureaucrat power. According to Moe, current theories largely overlook the direct electoral power of agents and their unions (EPA) in voting for their own bureaucratic principals. Therefore, they are biased systematically towards underestimating agent power. We critically address both Moe's theoretical arguments, and his empirical applications to Californian school board elections. We conclude that Moe overestimates the power consequences of EPA on both counts. We outline a more balanced version of ‘multiple‐role’ PAT and of its potential implications for our understanding of the political power of public school teachers and bureaucrats more generally.
A major cause of cardiovascular disease is high cholesterol (CH) levels in the blood, a potential soln. to which is the intake of phytosterols (PS) known as CH-reducing agents. One mechanism proposed for PS activity is the mutual cocrystn. of CH and PS from dietary mixed micelles (DMM), a process that removes excess CH from the transporting micelles. In this study, microemulsions (MEs) were used both as a model system for cocrystn. mimicking DMM and as a possible alternative pathway, based on the competitive solubilization of CH and PS, to reduce solubilized CH transport levels from the ME. The effects of different CH/PS ratios, aq. diln., and lecithin-based MEs on sterol crystn. were studied. The pptd. crystals from the ME-loaded system with PS alone and from that loaded with 1:1 or 1:3 CH/PS mixts. were significantly influenced by ME microstructure and by diln. with aq. phase (X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results). No new polymorphic structures were detected apart from the corresponding sterol hydrates. Mixed crystal morphol. and the habit of the pptd. sterols were strongly affected by the CH/PS ratio and the structures of the dild. ME. As the amt. of PS in the mixt. increased or as the ME aq. diln. proceeded, pptd. crystal shape became more needle-like. The mixed sterols seemed to be forming eutectic solids. [on SciFinder(R)]
This study monitors group supervision for students? field training in a Bachelor?s Degree in Social Work (BSW) program and compares it with the experience of the students receiving the traditional individual supervision. The experimental group supervision model is implemented in two consecutive years. Students? experiences are compared at three points in time: before pilot study began; at the end of the 1st year of the pilot study; and at the end of the 2nd year. Findings indicate that in most areas, and at all points in time, students receiving group supervision do not differ from their colleagues in the traditional individual supervision group. However, students receiving group supervision are less satisfied at all points in time with various aspects of the supervision they receive. These findings generally broaden our understanding of group supervision in social work field training and provide evidence to support future decisions on the nature of supervision in fieldwork training in BSW programs.
The article deals with records of thaumaturgic cures, especially a series of miracle cures taking place within an enclosed community of Colettine nuns in fifteenth-century Ghent. These miracles, all performed by the local founder and saint, Colette Boëllet, consisted in curing several nuns from acute and chronic illnesses. The pain of these illnesses is described in a superlatively extravagant mode, and the record, made by an external notary, is evidence of a “competition in suffering” among the nuns, with harmony restored through the common written testimony.
June 2009: Esther Cohen is Professor of medieval history at the Department of History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. She is the author of books on justice, crime and law in the later Middle Ages and numerous articles. Her work of the past decade deals with the subject of pain in the later Middle Ages. She has recently completed a comprehensive study on the subject.
To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6245.2009.01366.x Byline: TZACHI ZAMIR (1) Author Affiliation: (1)The Hebrew University of JerusalemDepartment of English and Comparative LiteratureJerusalem, Israelinternet:tzachizamir@mscc.huji.ac.il
Literary undertakings of the Faust legend have traditionally associated the fate of the overreacher with a thematized fragmentation. On the level of plot, Faust is torn limb from limb or threatened to be thus handled by a devilish cohort; stylistically, the tight drama that unfolds in the protagonist’s study spirals into a disjointed account of royal courts and sidekick pranks. In John Banville’s Mefisto this fragmentation is articulated in intertextual links that open up the text to a rich anteriority. Signification is consequently produced both horizontally and vertically, both inside and outside the novel. This paper traces the antecedents of the Faustian intertexts present in the novel and test the effects of such accumulation on the practice of hermeneutic deciphering. It shows that Banville’s intertextuality itself functions as a Mephistophilian figure, a playful abundance that creates an obstacle for interpretation. Such a stylized chaos does not allow for a teleological reshuffling or re-ordering of the text into a meaningful and cohesive pattern. The reader, then, is enjoined not to re-order the text but to performatively re-enact it, a creative process that will have us thinking not inside but outside the hermeneutic circle.
Yael Levin is Senior Lecturer at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her work on Joseph Conrad has appeared in Conradiana, The Conradian, Partial Answers,Secret Sharers (2011) Each Other's Yarns (2013) and her book, Tracing the Aesthetic Principle in Conrad's Novels (Palgrave Macmillan 2008). She is currently working on The Interruption of Writing, a book that traces the evolution of models of textual production and creative agency from Romanticism to the Digital Age.
The B domain of protein A (BDPA), a three-helix bundle of 60 residues, folds via a nucleation-condensation mechanism in apparent two-state kinetics. We have applied a time-resolved FRET (tr-FRET) approach to characterize the ensembles of BDPA during chemical denaturation. The distribution of the distance between residues 22 and 55, which are close and separated by helices 2 and 3 in the native state, was determined by global analysis of the time-resolved fluorescence decay curves of the probes. Narrow distributions were observed when the protein was equilibrated in guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) concentrations below 1.5 M (native state, N) and above the transition zone at 2.6-3.0 M GdmCl (denatured state, D). Considerably broader distributions were found around the transition point (2.0 M GdmCl) or much higher GdmCl concentrations (>3.0 M). Comparative global analysis of the tr-FRET data showed a compact denatured state of the protein, characterized by narrow distribution and relatively small mean distance between residues 22 and 55 that was observed at mild denaturing conditions (<3 M GdmCl). This experiment supports the two-state folding mechanism of BDPA and indicates the existence of effective nonlocal, probably hydrophobic, intramolecular interactions that stabilize a pretty uniform ensemble of compact denatured molecules at intermediate denaturing conditions.
