@article {Rosenfeld2015-ib,
	title = {Combinatorial and computational approaches to identify interactions of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and its receptor c-FMS},
	journal = {J. Biol. Chem.},
	volume = {290},
	number = {43},
	year = {2015},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {26180{\textendash}26193},
	publisher = {Elsevier BV},
	abstract = {The molecular interactions between macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and the tyrosine kinase receptor c-FMS play a key role in the immune response, bone metabolism, and the development of some cancers. Because no x-ray structure is available for the human M-CSF {\textperiodcentered} c-FMS complex, the binding epitope for this complex is largely unknown. Our goal was to identify the residues that are essential for binding of the human M-CSF to c-FMS. For this purpose, we used a yeast surface display (YSD) approach. We expressed a combinatorial library of monomeric M-CSF (M-CSFM) single mutants and screened this library to isolate variants with reduced affinity for c-FMS using FACS. Sequencing yielded a number of single M-CSFM variants with mutations both in the direct binding interface and distant from the binding site. In addition, we used computational modeling to map the identified mutations onto the M-CSFM structure and to classify the mutations into three groups as follows: those that significantly decrease protein stability; those that destroy favorable intermolecular interactions; and those that decrease affinity through allosteric effects. To validate the YSD and computational data, M-CSFM and three variants were produced as soluble proteins; their affinity and structure were analyzed; and very good correlations with both YSD data and computational predictions were obtained. By identifying the M-CSFM residues critical for M-CSF {\textperiodcentered} c-FMS interactions, we have laid down the basis for a deeper understanding of the M-CSF {\textperiodcentered} c-FMS signaling mechanism and for the development of target-specific therapeutic agents with the ability to sterically occlude the M-CSF{\textperiodcentered}c-FMS binding interface.},
	keywords = {computer modeling, directed evolution, epitope mapping, ligand-binding protein, receptor tyrosine kinase},
	author = {Rosenfeld, Lior and Shirian, Jason and Zur, Yuval and Levaot, Noam and Shifman, Julia M and Papo, Niv}
}
