@article {72714,
	title = {Transplantation of Human Intestine into the Mouse: A Novel Platform for Study of Inflammatory Enterocutaneous Fistulas.},
	journal = {J Crohns Colitis},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018 Dec 24},
	abstract = {Background and Aims: Enteric fistulas represent a severe and medically challenging co-morbidity commonly affecting Crohn{\textquoteright}s disease [CD] patients. Gut fistulas do not develop in animal models of the disease. We have used transplantation of the human fetal gut into mice as a novel platform for studying inflammatory enterocutaneous fistulas.

Methods: Human fetal gut segments were transplanted subcutaneously into mature SCID mice, where they grew and fully developed over the course of several months. We first analyzed the resident immune cells and inflammatory response elicited by systemic LPS in normal, fully developed human gut xenografts. Thereafter, we used immunostaining to analyze fully-developed xenografts that spontaneously developed enterocutaneous fistulas.

Results: Resident human innate and adaptive immune cells were demonstrated in gut xenografts during steady state and inflammation. The expression of human IL-8, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, A20 and IkBα was significantly elevated in response to LPS with no change in IL-10 gene expression. Approximately 17\% [19/110] of fully developed subcutaneous human gut xenografts spontaneously developed enterocutaneous fistulas revealing striking histopathological similarities with CD fistula specimens. Immunohistochemical analyses of fistulating xenografts revealed transmural lymphocytic enteritis associated with massive expansion of resident human CD4 + lymphocytes and their migration into the intraepithelial compartment. Regionally, mucosal epithelial cells assumed spindle-shaped mesenchymal morphology and formed fistulous tracts towards chronic non-healing wounds in the host mouse skin overlying the transplants.

Conclusions: Inflammation and fistulas developed in human gut xenografts lacking IL-10 gene response. This novel model system will enable systematic studies of the inflamed and fistulating human gut in live animals.},
	issn = {1876-4479},
	doi = {10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy226},
	author = {Bruckner, Ramona S and Nissim-Eliraz, Einat and Marsiano, Noga and Nir, Eilam and Shemesh, Hadar and Leutenegger, Martin and Gottier, Claudia and Lang, Silvia and Spalinger, Marianne R and Leibl, Sebastian and Rogler, Gerhard and Yagel, Simcha and Scharl, Michael and Shpigel, Nahum Y}
}
