@article {62820,
	title = {Experimental infection of common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) with West Nile virus},
	journal = {Vector Borne Zoonotic DisVector Borne Zoonotic DisVector Borne Zoonotic Dis},
	volume = {6},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Steinman, AmirBanet-Noach, CarolineSimanov, LubovGrinfeld, NuritAizenberg, ZachiLevi, OhadLahav, DanMalkinson, MertynPerk, ShimonShpigel, Nahum YengLarchmont, N.Y.2006/12/26 09:00Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2006 Winter;6(4):361-8.},
	month = {Winter},
	pages = {361-8},
	abstract = {The role of various reptilian species in the infectious cycle of several arboviruses is documented, but their role in that of West Nile virus (WNV) is uncertain. Common garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) were infected subcutaneously with 10(5) plaque forming units (PFU) WNV-Isr 98, five of nine snakes became viremic, and five exhibited persistent low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Four of the parentally infected snakes died and high titers of virus were found in multiple organ samples. In contrast, orally infected garter snakes did not become viremic, but viral RNA was detected in cloacal swabs. Since oral infection of predator birds by WNV is known, their ingestion of infected snakes may also result in their becoming infected.},
	keywords = {*Disease Reservoirs, Administration, Oral, Animals, Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis/blood, Colubridae/*virology, Humans, Immunohistochemistry/veterinary, Infusions, Parenteral/veterinary, Injections, Subcutaneous/veterinary, Neutralization Tests/veterinary, Organ Specificity, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary, RNA, Viral/analysis, Viremia/veterinary, Virus Replication, West Nile Fever/pathology/transmission/*veterinary/virology, West Nile virus/*pathogenicity},
	isbn = {1530-3667 (Print)1530-3667 (Linking)},
	author = {Steinman, A. and Banet-Noach, C. and Simanov, L. and Grinfeld, N. and Aizenberg, Z. and Levi, O. and Lahav, D. and Malkinson, M. and Perk, S. and Shpigel, N. Y.}
}
