@article {62812,
	title = {Beta-hydroxybutyrate abrogates formation of bovine neutrophil extracellular traps and bactericidal activity against mammary pathogenic Escherichia coli},
	journal = {Infect ImmunInfect ImmunInfect Immun},
	volume = {76},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Grinberg, NavitElazar, SharonRosenshine, IlanShpigel, Nahum YengResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t2008/04/16 09:00Infect Immun. 2008 Jun;76(6):2802-7. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00051-08. Epub 2008 Apr 14.},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {2802-7},
	abstract = {Escherichia coli is an important bacterial species isolated from bovine mastitis. The rate of neutrophil recruitment into the mammary gland and their bactericidal activity largely affect the severity and outcome of the disease. Ketosis is a common metabolic disease, and affected dairy cows are known to have increased risk for mastitis and other infectious conditions. The disease is associated with high blood and milk levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), previously shown to negatively affect neutrophil function by unknown mechanisms. We show here that the mammary pathogenic E. coli strain P4 activates normal bovine neutrophils to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are highly bactericidal against this organism. Preincubation of these neutrophils with increasing concentrations (0.1 to 8 mmol/liter) of BHBA caused a fivefold decrease of E. coli P4 phagocytosis, though intracellular killing was unaffected. Furthermore, BHBA caused a 10-fold decrease in the NETs formed by E. coli P4-activated neutrophils and a similar decrease in NET bactericidal activity against this organism. These negative effects of BHBA on bovine neutrophils might explain the increased susceptibility of ketotic cows to mastitis and other infectious conditions.},
	keywords = {3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/*pharmacology, Animals, Cattle, Dairying, Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/veterinary, Escherichia coli/*immunology, Female, Ketosis/blood/complications/veterinary, Mammary Glands, Animal/*microbiology, Mastitis, Bovine/*microbiology, Neutrophils/*drug effects/immunology, Phagocytosis/drug effects/immunology},
	isbn = {1098-5522 (Electronic)0019-9567 (Linking)},
	author = {Grinberg, N. and Elazar, S. and Rosenshine, I. and Shpigel, N. Y.}
}
