@article {2921,
	title = {Evolutionary conserved role of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase in CO2-induced epithelial dysfunction.},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {e46696},
	abstract = {Elevated CO(2) levels (hypercapnia) occur in patients with respiratory diseases and impair alveolar epithelial integrity, in part, by inhibiting Na,K-ATPase function. Here, we examined the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in CO(2) signaling in mammalian alveolar epithelial cells as well as in diptera, nematodes and rodent lungs. In alveolar epithelial cells, elevated CO(2) levels rapidly induced activation of JNK leading to downregulation of Na,K-ATPase and alveolar epithelial dysfunction. Hypercapnia-induced activation of JNK required AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase C-ζ leading to subsequent phosphorylation of JNK at Ser-129. Importantly, elevated CO(2) levels also caused a rapid and prominent activation of JNK in Drosophila S2 cells and in C. elegans. Paralleling the results with mammalian epithelial cells, RNAi against Drosophila JNK fully prevented CO(2)-induced downregulation of Na,K-ATPase in Drosophila S2 cells. The importance and specificity of JNK CO(2) signaling was additionally demonstrated by the ability of mutations in the C. elegans JNK homologs, jnk-1 and kgb-2 to partially rescue the hypercapnia-induced fertility defects but not the pharyngeal pumping defects. Together, these data provide evidence that deleterious effects of hypercapnia are mediated by JNK which plays an evolutionary conserved, specific role in CO(2) signaling in mammals, diptera and nematodes.},
	keywords = {Animals, Burkitt Lymphoma, Caenorhabditis elegans, Carbon Dioxide, Drosophila, Enzyme Activation, Epithelial Cells, Evolution, Humans, JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Molecular, Phosphorylation, Protein Kinase C, Pulmonary Alveoli, Rats, Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0046696},
	author = {Vad{\'a}sz, Istv{\'a}n and Dada, Laura A and Briva, Arturo and Helenius, Iiro Taneli and Sharabi, Kfir and Welch, Lynn C and Kelly, Aileen M and Grzesik, Benno A and Budinger, G R Scott and Liu, Jing and Seeger, Werner and Beitel, Greg J and Gruenbaum, Yosef and Sznajder, Jacob I}
}
