@article {25033,
	title = {Ask the Midwives: A Hebrew Manual on Midwifery from Medieval Germany\&dagger;},
	journal = {Social History of Medicine},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019},
	pages = {712 - 733},
	abstract = {SummaryThis article focuses on a chapter in a manual on circumcision written in Worms in the thirteenth century by Jacob and Gershom haGozrim (the circumcisers). The third chapter of the manual contains medical instruction on how to attend to women in labour and other gynaecological conditions. Whereas the first two chapters of the manual were published in the late nineteenth century, the midwifery chapter has only been recently examined. This article is comprised of a translation of the midwifery text(s) along with an introduction to the text and the community practices it reflects. It outlines the cooperation between medical practitioners, male and female, Jewish and Christian, and discusses the medical remedies recommended and some practices current in thirteenth-century Germany.},
	isbn = {0951-631X, 1477-4666},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/shm/article/32/4/712/5510118},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24980,
	title = {\&ldquo;Introduction: Jewish Daily Life in Medieval Europe,\&rdquo; Chidushim},
	journal = {Chidushim},
	volume = {21},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019},
	pages = {5 - 13},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/39627975/Elisheva_Baumgarten_Introduction_Jewish_Daily_Life_in_Medieval_Europe_Chiddushim_no._21_2019_5-13_Hebrew_},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24943,
	title = {Appropriation and Differentiation: Jewish Identity in Medieval Ashkenaz},
	journal = {AJS Review},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {39 - 63},
	abstract = {This article discusses the ways scholars have outlined the process of Jewish adaptation (or lack of it) from their Christian surroundings in northern Europe during the High Middle Ages. Using the example of penitential fasting, the first two sections of the article describe medieval Jewish practices and some of the approaches that have been used to explain the similarity between medieval Jewish and contemporary Christian customs. The last two sections of the article suggest that in addition to looking for texts that connect between Jewish and Christian thought and beliefs behind these customs, it is useful to examine what medieval Jews and Christians saw of each other{\textquoteright}s customs living in close urban quarters. Finally, the article suggests that when shaping medieval Jewish and Christian identity, the differences emphasized in shared everyday actions and visible practice were no less important than theological distinctions. As part of the discussion throughout the article, the terminology used by scholars to describe the process of Jewish appropriation from the local surroundings is described, focusing on terms such as {\textquotedblleft}influence{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}inward acculturation,{\textquotedblright} as well as {\textquotedblleft}appropriation.{\textquotedblright}},
	isbn = {0364-0094, 1475-4541},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0364009418000053/type/journal_article},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {25006,
	title = {Four Mothers in Three Stories from Medieval Northern France (Hebrew)},
	journal = {Zmanim: A Historical Quarterly},
	volume = {139},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {70 - 77},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26900823?seq=1$\#$metadata_info_tab_contents},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {25007,
	title = {\&ldquo;Towards a History of Medieval Jewish Women\&rsquo;s Lives,\&rdquo; in Yosef Kaplan, ed., A Conference in Honor of Professor Avraham Grossman on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday (Hebrew)},
	journal = {the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {95 - 113},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/37797664/Elisheva_Baumgarten_Towards_a_History_of_Medieval_Jewish_Women_s_Lives_in_Yosef_Kaplan_ed._A_Conference_in_Honor_of_Professor_Avraham_Grossman_on_the_Occasion_of_His_Eightieth_Birthday_Jerusalem_the_Israel_Academy_of_Scie},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24990,
	title = {\&lsquo;Like Adam and Eve\&rsquo;: Biblical Models and Jewish Daily Life in Medieval Christian Europe},
	journal = {Irish Theological Quarterly},
	volume = {83},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	pages = {44 - 61},
	isbn = {0021-1400, 1752-4989},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021140017742802},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {25039,
	title = {Praying separately Gender in medieval Ashkenazi Synagogues (thirteenth-fourteenth centuries)},
	journal = {Clio. Women, Gender, History},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {43 - 62},
	abstract = {The English version of this issue is published thanks to the support of the Fondation pour la M{\'e}moire de la ShoahFrom Egypt under the Fatimid Caliphate to medieval Germany, from the Iberian peninsula to the Ottoman Empire, from Tsarist Russia to contemporary Ethiopia, from New York to Berlin or Paris, this issue of Clio FGH constitutes an itinerary through the history of Judaism in relation to gender. The {\textquotedblleft}Jewish religious tradition{\textquotedblright} assigns entirely different roles, obligations and rights to women and men. The Scriptures and their interpretations, everyday actions and ritual feasts, as well as customs and Rabbinic law (halakha) all combine to produce a number of rules, concepts and representations of relations between the sexes. But this tradition has also developed within multiple historical context, allowing room to be created for evolution, influences and challenges: it is this diversity of {\textquotedblleft}gender arrangements{\textquotedblright} within Judaism that is restored to prominence in this issue. Editors for this issue: Leora AUSLANDER \&amp; Sylvie STEINBERG Editor for the English online edition: Si{\^a}n REYNOLDS},
	isbn = {9782701198538},
	url = {https://www.cairn-int.info/journal-clio-women-gender-history-2016-2-page-43.htm},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24945,
	title = {Prier {\`a} part ? Le genre dans les synagogues ashk{\'e}nazes m{\'e}di{\'e}vales (xiiie-xive si{\`e}cle)},
	journal = {Clio},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {43 - 62},
	isbn = {1252-7017, 1777-5299},
	url = {http://journals.openedition.org/clio/13213},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24919,
	title = {Charitable like Abigail: The History of an Epitaph},
	journal = {Jewish Quarterly Review},
	volume = {105},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	pages = {312 - 339},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/589328/summary},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24913,
	title = {Shared and Contested Time: Jews and the Christian Ritual Calendar in the Late Thirteenth Century},
	journal = {Viator},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	pages = {253 - 276},
	isbn = {0083-5897},
	url = {http://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.105369},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24984,
	title = {Daily Commodities and Religious Identity in the Medieval Jewish Communities of Northern Europe},
	journal = {Studies in Church History},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014},
	pages = {97 - 121},
	abstract = {The Hebrew chronicle written by Solomon b. Samson recounts the mass conversion of the Jews of Regensburg in 1096.{\textquoteright} The Jews were herded and forced into the local river where a {\textquoteleft}sign was made over the water, the sign of a cross{\textquoteright} and thus they were baptized, all together in the same river. The local German rivers play another role in the accounts of the turbulent events of the Crusade persecutions. They were also the place where Jews evaded conversion, drowning themselves in water, rather than being baptized by what the chronicles{\textquoteright} authors call the {\textquoteleft}stinking waters{\textquoteright} of Christianity. Reading these Hebrew chronicles, one is immediately struck by the tremendous revulsion expressed toward the waters of baptism. Indeed, in his analysis of the symbolic significance of the baptismal waters for medieval Jews, Ivan Marcus has suggested that baptism by force in the local rivers was so traumatic that they instituted a ritual response during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. One component of the medieval Jewish child initiation ceremony to Torah study was performed on the banks of the river, expressing Jewish aversion to baptism (see Fig. i).},
	isbn = {0424-2084, 2059-0644},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0424208400001674/type/journal_article},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24971,
	title = {The Intellectual History and Rabbinic Culture of Medieval Ashkenaz},
	journal = {Journal of Jewish Studies},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014},
	pages = {442 - 445},
	isbn = {00222097, 20566689},
	url = {https://www.jjs-online.net/archives/article/3204},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24972,
	title = {Palaces of Time: Jewish Calendar and Culture in Early Modern Europe by Elisheva Carlebach},
	journal = {Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	pages = {105 - 108},
	isbn = {1534-5165},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/shofar/v031/31.4.baumgarten.html},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24950,
	title = {A Tale of a Christian Matron and Sabbath Candles: Religious Difference, Material Culture and Gender in Thirteenth-Century Germany},
	journal = {Jewish Studies Quarterly},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	pages = {83},
	isbn = {0944-5706},
	url = {https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/10.1628/094457013X663714},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24974,
	title = {Debra Kaplan. Beyond Expulsion: Jews, Christians, and Reformation Strasbourg.},
	journal = {The American Historical Review},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {1310 - 1311},
	isbn = {1937-5239, 0002-8762},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/117/4/1310/32308},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {25012,
	title = {Shared Stories and Religious Rhetoric: R. Judah the Pious, Peter the Chanter and a Drought},
	journal = {Medieval Encounters},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	pages = {36 - 54},
	abstract = {AbstractThis article discusses a story about a Jewish-Christian interaction during a drought that appears in Peter the Chanter{\textquoteright}s Verbum abbreviatum and R. Judah the Pious{\textquoteright} Sefer Hasidim . I suggest that the two authors had a common source, noting that Peter{\textquoteright}s version was earlier so that R. Judah might have based his story on an account based on Peter the Chanter{\textquoteright}s story, whether oral or written. Analyzing the tale, the article points to narrative strategies used by both authors and to what they can tell us about Jewish and Christian knowledge of each other{\textquoteright}s religious practice and belief in medieval Christian Europe.},
	isbn = {1380-7854, 1570-0674},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/me/18/1/article-p36_2.xml},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {25027,
	title = {Introduction to Gender and Jewish Identity},
	journal = {Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women{\textquoteright}s Studies \& Gender Issues},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {7 - 14},
	isbn = {07938934},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/nashim.22.7},
	author = {Baumgarten and Fishman}
}
@article {25003,
	title = {Gendering Disgust in Medieval Religious Polemic by Alexandra Cuffel},
	journal = {Nashim A Journal of Jewish Women{\textquoteright}s Studies \& Gender Issues},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {205 - 209},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/265968/pdf},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24995,
	title = {Jewish Conceptions of Motherhood in Medieval Christian Europe: Dialogue and Difference},
	journal = {Micrologus: Nature, Sciences and Medieval Societies},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {149 - 165},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/7525923/Elisheva_Baumgarten_Jewish_Conceptions_of_Motherhood_in_Medieval_Christian_Europe_Dialogue_and_Difference_Micrologus_17_2009_149-165},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {25025,
	title = {Marked and Unmarked Flesh: Jewish Identity, Gender, and Circumcision in Historical Perspective},
	journal = {Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies},
	volume = {26},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {143 - 148},
	isbn = {1534-5165},
	url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/shofar/v026/26.2.baumgarten.html},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24960,
	title = {\&lsquo;A separate people\&rsquo;? Some directions for comparative research on medieval women},
	journal = {Journal of Medieval History},
	volume = {34},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {212 - 228},
	isbn = {0304-4181, 1873-1279},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1016/j.jmedhist.2008.03.005},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24962,
	title = {\&lsquo;\&lsquo;Remember that glorious girl\&rsquo;\&rsquo;: Jephthah\&rsquo;sDaughter in Medieval Jewish Culture},
	journal = {Jewish Quarterly Review},
	volume = {97},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {180 - 209},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/25470203?seq=1$\#$metadata_info_tab_contents},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24917,
	title = {From \&$\#$39;The Mother and Her Sons\&$\#$39; to \&$\#$39;The Mother of the Sons\&$\#$39; in Medieval Ashkenaz / מן \&$\#$39;האם והבנים\&$\#$39; ל\&$\#$39;אם הבנים\&$\#$39; באשכנז בימי הביניים},
	journal = {Zion / ציון},
	volume = {עא},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {273 - 300},
	abstract = {This article examines the well-known story of the mother and her seven sons (II Macc.) in a unique version from thirteenth-century Northern France as it appears in an Oxford manuscript (Bodleian Library Or. 135). Noting its unique features, we compare this version of the story with a wide range of extant parallels from antiquity to the Middle Ages {\textemdash} particularly those of German, Northern French, and North African provenance {\textemdash} situating it within the Ashkenazic cultural milieu. This article seeks to combine historical and literary methodologies, arguing that context is crucial when examining stories and their tellers, in our case to better understand the ways in which Jews, as part of a minority culture, narrated their tales and the ways in which stories helped shape cultural consciousness. We address the textual choices made by the copyist of our manuscript when he chose to deviate from his models in light of the medieval cultural environment. The first part of the article examines these versions. The three most significant changes are: (i) our manuscript{\textquoteright}s focus on the mother almost to the total exclusion of the sons; (ii) the expression of deep physical attachment between the mother and her youngest son {\textemdash} who is also the only son to be mentioned in the narrative; and (iii) an expanded epilogue in which some of the burning issues of medieval Jewish life in Christian Europe find unusual expression. The second part of the article discusses these changes in light of both Jewish and Christian medieval culture. The conceptions of motherhood as reflected in Jewish texts are examined, as well as the manner in which this martyrdom story was read in contemporary Christian culture, noting the similarities and differences. In light of our discussion, we suggest that this story can be understood as a bold anti-conversion narrative within Jewish contemporary discussion of exile and conversion.},
	isbn = {00444758},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/23567756},
	author = {אלישבע באומגרטן and קושלבסקי, רלה and Elisheva Baumgarten and Kushelevsky, Rella}
}
@article {24912,
	title = {Marking the Flesh: circumcision, blood and incribing identity on the body in medieval jewish culture.},
	journal = {Micrologus},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {313 - 330},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/7525896/Elisheva_Baumgarten_Marking_the_Flesh_Circumcision_Blood_and_Inscribing_Identity_on_the_Body_in_Medieval_Jewish_Culture_Micrologus_13_2005_313-330},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24934,
	title = {Beautiful Death. Jewish Poetry and Martyrdom in Medieval France (Jews, Christians andMuslims from the Ancient to the Modern World) by Susan L. Einbinder (Hebrew)},
	journal = {Zion / ציון},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {375 - 381},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/23565018?origin=JSTOR-pdf\&seq=1$\#$metadata_info_tab_contents},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24935,
	title = {The Jews of Europe in the Middle Ages (Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries): Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Speyer, 20\&ndash;25 October, 2002 by Christoph Cluse},
	journal = {Zion / ציון},
	volume = {2006},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	pages = {506 - 512},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/23568096?origin=JSTOR-pdf\&seq=1$\#$metadata_info_tab_contents},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24933,
	title = {A SeparatePeople. Jewish Women in Palestine, Syria and Egypt in the Sixteenth Century by Ruth Lamdan; Yaffa Murciano},
	journal = {Zmanim: A Historical Quarterly},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/23438485?origin=JSTOR-pdf\&seq=1$\#$metadata_info_tab_contents},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {25022,
	title = {As Families Remember: Holocaust Memoirs and their Transmission},
	journal = {Studies in Contemporary Jewry},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {265 - 286},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/35981221/Elisheva_Baumgarten_As_Families_Remember_Holocaust_Memoirs_and_their_Transmission_Studies_in_Contemporary_Jewry_26_2001_265-286},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
@article {24966,
	title = {\&$\#$39;Thus Sayeth the Wise Midwives\&$\#$39;: Midwives and Midwifery in Thirteenth-Century Ashkenaz /\&$\#$39;כך אומרות המילדות החכמות\&$\#$39;: מיילדות ומיילדות באשכנז במאה הי\&quot;ג},
	journal = {Zion / ציון},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {45 - 74},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/23564092?seq=1$\#$metadata_info_tab_contents},
	author = {Elisheva Baumgarten}
}
