@article {1590,
	title = {Can we learn from the pathogenetic strategies of group A hemolytic streptococci how tissues are injured and organs fail in post-infectious and inflammatory sequelae?},
	journal = {FEMS Immunology \& Medical Microbiology},
	volume = {25},
	number = {4},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {325-338},
	abstract = {The purpose of this review-hypothesis is to discuss the literature which had proposed the concept that the mechanisms by which infectious and inflammatory processes induce cell and tissue injury, in vivo, might paradoxically involve a deleterious synergistic {\textquoteleft}cross-talk{\textquoteright}, among microbial- and host-derived pro-inflammatory agonists. This argument is based on studies of the mechanisms of tissue damage caused by catalase-negative group A hemolytic streptococci and also on a large body of evidence describing synergistic interactions among a multiplicity of agonists leading to cell and tissue damage in inflammatory and infectious processes. A very rapid cell damage (necrosis), accompanied by the release of large amounts of arachidonic acid and metabolites, could be induced when subtoxic amounts of oxidants (superoxide, oxidants generated by xanthine-xanthine oxidase, HOCl, NO), synergized with subtoxic amounts of a large series of membrane-perforating agents (streptococcal and other bacterial-derived hemolysins, phospholipases A2 and C, lysophosphatides, cationic proteins, fatty acids, xenobiotics, the attack complex of complement and certain cytokines). Subtoxic amounts of proteinases (elastase, cathepsin G, plasmin, trypsin) very dramatically further enhanced cell damage induced by combinations between oxidants and the membrane perforators. Thus, irrespective of the source of agonists, whether derived from microorganisms or from the hosts, a triad comprised of an oxidant, a membrane perforator, and a proteinase constitutes a potent cytolytic cocktail the activity of which may be further enhanced by certain cytokines. The role played by non-biodegradable microbial cell wall components (lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan) released following polycation- and antibiotic-induced bacteriolysis in the activation of macrophages to release oxidants, cytolytic cytokines and NO is also discussed in relation to the pathophysiology of granulomatous inflammation and sepsis. The recent failures to prevent septic shock by the administration of only single antagonists is disconcerting. It suggests, however, that since tissue damage in post-infectious syndromes is caused by synergistic interactions among a multiplicity of agents, only cocktails of appropriate antagonists, if administered at the early phase of infection and to patients at high risk, might prevent the development of post-infectious syndromes.},
	author = {Isaac Ginsburg and Peter A Ward and James Varani}
}
