Background: Surprisal analysis is a thermodynamic-like molecular level approach that identifies biological constraints that prevents the entropy from reaching its maximum. To examine the significance of altered gene expression levels in tumorigenesis we apply surprisal analysis to the WI-38 model through its precancerous states. The constraints identified by the analysis are transcription patterns underlying the process of transformation. Each pattern highlights the role of a group of genes that act coherently to define a transformed phenotype. Results: We identify a major transcription pattern that represents a contraction of signaling networks accompanied by induction of cellular proliferation and protein metabolism, which is essential for full transformation. In addition, a more minor, ‘‘tumor signature’’ transcription pattern completes the transformation process. The variation with time of the importance of each transcription pattern is determined. Midway through the transformation, at the stage when cells switch from slow to fast growth rate, the major transcription pattern undergoes a total inversion of its weight while the more minor pattern does not contribute before that stage. Conclusions: A similar network reorganization occurs in two very different cellular transformation models: WI-38 and the cervical cancer HF1 models. Our results suggest that despite differences in a list of transcripts expressed in different cancer models the rationale of the network reorganization remains essentially the same.
Two agents independently choose mixed m-recall strategies that take actions in finite action spaces A1 and A2. The strategies induce a random play, a1,a2,..., where at assumes values in A1 X A2. An M-recall observer observes the play. The goal of the agents is to make the observer believe that the play is similar to a sequence of i.i.d. random actions whose distribution is Q in Delta(A1 X A2). For nearly every t, the following event should occur with probability close to one: "the distribution of a_t+M given at a_t,..,a_t+M is close to Q." We provide a sufficient and necessary condition on m, M, and Q under which this goal can be achieved (for large m). This work is a step in the direction of establishing a folk theorem for repeated games with bounded recall. It tries to tackle the difficulty in computing the individually rational levels (IRL) in the bounded recall setting. Our result implies, for example, that in some games the IRL in the bounded recall game is bounded away below the IRL in the stage game, even when all the players have the same recall capacity.
We show, using an exactly solvable model, that nonlinear dynamics is induced in a double-well Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) by collisions with a thermal reservoir. This dynamics can facilitate the creation of phase or number squeezing and, at longer times, the creation of macroscopic nonclassical superposition states. Enhancement of these effects is possible by loading the reservoir atoms into an optical lattice.
Rita Jing-Ann Chou, R Goins, Turner , S Spencer, Melinda , McGuire, Lisa C, Goldberg, Jack , Wen, Yang , Henderson, Jeffrey A, Savundranayagam, Marie Y, Montgomery, Rhonda JV, Kosloski, Karl , ו others, . 2011. “Cultural Factors Of Caregiving”.
Siguiendo el modelo de Paulston (1994), se extraen consecuencias de los numerosos comentarios que el periódico El Amigo del Puevlo (1888-1902) dedicó a la cuestión de las lenguas entre los sefardíes en su intento de redefinir su identidad, con el fin de indagar el tipo de movilidad social adoptado por los sefardíes de Belgrado y de las comunidades del norte de los Balcanes durante los últimos años del siglo XIX y los primeros del XX, y su actitud frente al riesgo de desplazamiento del judeoespañol por de otras lenguas.
A generalized Kohn-Sham (GKS) approach to density functional theory (DFT), based on the Baer-Neuhauser-Livshits range-separated hybrid, combined with ab initio motivated range-parameter tuning is used to study properties of water dimer and pentamer cations. The water dimer is first used as a benchmark system to check the approach. The present brand of DFT localizes the positive charge (hole), stabilizing the proton transferred geometry in agreement with recent coupled-cluster calculations. Relative energies of various conformers of the water dimer cation compare well with previously published coupled cluster results. The GKS orbital energies are good approximations to the experimental ionization potentials of the system. Low-lying excitation energies calculated from time-dependent DFT based on the present method compare well with recently published high-level "equation of motion-coupled-cluster" calculations. The harmonic frequencies of the water dimer cation are in good agreement with experimental and wave function calculations where available. The method is applied to study the water pentamer cation. Three conformers are identified: two are Eigen type and one is a Zundel type. The structure and harmonic vibrational structure are analyzed. The ionization dynamics of a pentamer water cluster at 0 K shows a fast <50 fs transient for transferring a proton from one of the water molecules, releasing a hydroxyl radical and creating a protonated tetramer carrying the excess hole.
The deposition of Au and Ag, locally and from bulk solution, on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was studied. Specifically, PEDOT was electrochemically polymerized onto a glassy carbon (GC) electrode and used for bulk deposition of Au and Ag from their respective ions dissolved in the solution as well as for the local deposition of these metals using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). These two sets of experiments were utilized to investigate the difference between Au and Ag electrochemical deposition on PEDOT. In particular, SECM experiments, which were conducted by the controlled anodic dissolution of Au and Ag microelectrodes close to GC/PEDOT, probed the effect of different PEDOT oxidation states on local deposition. The current-time transients recorded during the deposition, combined with scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis provided insight into the reduction processes. AuCl(4)(-) and Ag(+) ions were electrochemically reduced at a potential equal to and more negative than the ions redox potentials (0.4 and 0.2 V, respectively) and more positive than -0.7 V, where the PEDOT starts transforming into the reduced, i.e. insulating, state. We found that the electroreduction of Ag(+) ions was diffusion-controlled and the PEDOT film served as a simple conductor. On the other hand, the reduction of AuCl(4)(-) ions was enhanced on GC/PEDOT as compared with bare GC, indicating that PEDOT catalyzes the reduction of AuCl(4)(-) to Au.[on SciFinder (R)]
The deposition of Au and Ag, locally and from bulk soln., on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was studied. Specifically, PEDOT was electrochem. polymd. onto a glassy carbon (GC) electrode and used for bulk deposition of Au and Ag from their resp. ions dissolved in the soln. as well as for the local deposition of these metals using scanning electrochem. microscopy (SECM). These two sets of expts. were utilized to investigate the difference between Au and Ag electrochem. deposition on PEDOT. In particular, SECM expts., which were conducted by the controlled anodic dissoln. of Au and Ag microelectrodes close to GC/PEDOT, probed the effect of different PEDOT oxidn. states on local deposition. The current-time transients recorded during the deposition, combined with SEM and energy-dispersive x-ray anal. provided insight into the redn. processes. AuCl4- and Ag+ ions were electrochem. reduced at a potential equal to and more neg. than the ions redox potentials (0.4 and 0.2 V, resp.) and more pos. than -0.7 V, where the PEDOT starts transforming into the reduced, i.e. insulating, state. We found that the electroredn. of Ag+ ions was diffusion-controlled and the PEDOT film served as a simple conductor. The redn. of AuCl4- ions was enhanced on GC/PEDOT as compared with bare GC, indicating that PEDOT catalyzes the redn. of AuCl4- to Au. [on SciFinder(R)]